Indigenous names of frogs and reptiles reveal hidden biodiversity knowledge in South Africa
In a groundbreaking study, Dr Fortunate Mafeta Phaka, a senior postdoctoral researcher at North-West University, has conducted the first comprehensive analysis of indigenous naming and classification of 36 frog species and 407 reptile species across nine South African cultures.
The research highlights the depth of local ecological knowledge and its potential to complement scientific taxonomy.
Phaka emphasises the cultural and ecological significance of these names. “If everyone’s names for things are known and shared, the ideas behind the names can also be shared, appreciated and valued,” he said.
His work demonstrates that indigenous names often convey much more than identification.
They reflect physical traits, behaviour, habitat, and even the perceived spiritual significance of each species. For example, in some communities, certain frogs are named for their distinctive calls or colours, while reptiles are named for their movement patterns or their role in traditional storytelling.
“Naming is not just about identification; it’s about understanding the role and significance of each species within its environment,” Phaka said.
Some illustrative examples include:
Frogs: Names describing colour or sound, such as a ‘red-capped tree frog’ being called a term meaning ‘little drum’ for its call.
Reptiles: A monitor lizard might be referred to as ‘forest guardian’ in one culture, reflecting its elusive behaviour and significance in folklore.
The research also underscores that Indigenous classification systems are often more nuanced than Western taxonomy, categorising species based on ecological roles, behaviour, and interactions with humans, rather than purely physical traits.
Phaka pointed out that these systems are an invaluable tool for conservation. “By documenting these names, we ensure that cultural wisdom is not lost and that future generations can continue to learn from and respect their natural heritage.”
Experts say the study bridges the gap between academic science and traditional ecological knowledge, offering a more holistic understanding of biodiversity in South Africa. It also preserves linguistic heritage, which is often under threat in many communities.
Phaka’s study is a reminder that conservation is not just about protecting species. it is also about valuing the knowledge and relationships communities have developed with wildlife over centuries.
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